YIBITEBIWEIQIZHIDEQUKUAILIANJISHUZHUANYANJIANYIJINGZOUGUOSHINIANLE，RENMENCHANGGANKAI“SHINIANYIDAIREN”，DUIYUXIANZAIZHEIGESANNIANJIUHUIYOUDAIGOUDEKUAISUFAZHANSHIDAI，SHINIANSIHUYIJINGHENJIULE。WOJIECHUQUKUAILIANDAGAIYINIANSHIJIAN，JUSHUOZAIZHEIGELINGYUSANNIANJIUSHIZISHENHUOZHEZHUANJIALE，KEJIAN，ZHEIGELINGYUJINGUANYOUSHINIANLISHI，QUEHAICHAXIEJILEI，TONGYANGSHINIANZUOYOULICHENGDEYUNJISUAN，MUQIANYIJINGSHI“PUTIANGAIDI”LE。SUIRANYOUZHUDUOBUJINRENYI，DANWOYIRANJUEDEZHEISHIGEYOUQU、YOUXIANGXIANGLIDELINGYU，SUOYI，WOBAZIJITONGGUOZHEIYINIANXUEXIDELAIDEDUIQUKUAILIANDECUQIANRENSHIZHENGLICHULAIYUDAJIAYIQITAOLUNTAOLUN。WOSHIGEYEWUJIAGOUSHEJIRENYUAN，SUOYI，WODUIQUKUAILIANDELIJIEBIJIAOPIANZHONG“YEWU”HE“JIAGOU”。

一、我所认识的比特币

作为开山鼻祖，比特币是所有接触区块链的人一定要了解的，尤其是技术人员。不去了解比特币、以太坊，也就不会给技术插上想象力的翅膀，那样还不如直接研究分布式系统更实际。我个人对比特币的设计思路总结如下：

按照中本聪自己在白皮书中的说法，他单纯是在设计一个点对点的电子现金交易系统，为此需要确保交易安全和资金安全，要确保不能“双花”、不能“乱花”。通过UTXO模型和区块链的技术保证不会出现“双花”，也使历史记录的可信性获得提高；通过非对称加密确保你的“钱”只能自己花，不会被别人花掉。通过工作量证明保证账本唯一性，再通过经济手段“制约”算力强人不去作恶。这方面的讨论很多了，本文也不赘述。反复读白皮书，感受最深的其实是对专一目标的极客追求和架构设计上的平衡，中本聪只想实现一个点对点的电子现金交易系统，为了安全，他选择做出效率的牺牲，所以，据说BM要提高交易效率时，他批评BM不懂比特币。设计上，中本聪没打算支持他这个系统目标以外的任何应用，也即，不提供更多的可扩展余地，因为这一方面会引入对电子现金系统而言既不必要又可能致命的各种“缺陷”，又会破坏比特币高度精简的数据结构，比特币为了应对其对存储的压力，几乎把数据需求压缩到最低。越简单越安全，而这个对电子现金系统，特别是一个期望无人维护、自动运行的电子现金系统来讲，恰恰是可靠性、安全性和公信力的基础。后边有不少尝试对比特币进行的改造、扩展都以失败告终，其实也说明了设计上的刚性。如果不能很好理解比特币设计的初衷和它加给自己的局限，去任意拓展想象力，结果恐怕不会太好。设计目标和约束会决定系统的特点与适用范围，如果扩大适用范围，也必须对目标和约束进行修改。以太坊就是这么干的。

二、我所认识的以太坊

YITAIFANGSHIVSHEN2013NIANTUICHUDE，YUZHONGBENCONGBUTONGDESHI，TASHIZHEIGELINGYUKEYIJIANDAOZHENSHENDE“DASHEN”。YITAIFANGQISHIYETINGFUZADE，BUGUOCONGWOZHEIGEYEWUJIAGOURENYUANDESHIJIAOLAIKAN，WOJUEDEYITAIFANGDEZHENGTILUOJIRUXIA：

GUOYUJIANDANLE？YEXUBA。VSHENZAIYITAIFANGBAIPISHUZHONGXIANGXIPOUXILEBITEBISHEJI，TICHULESIGEZHUYAOBUZU：BUZHICHITULINGWANBEI、ZHUANGTAISHAO、QUKUAIMANG、JIAZHIMANG。WOJISHUDAOXINGBUSHEN，SUOYI，JUEDEHOULIANGGEBUSHISHENMEDAWENTI。QIANLIANGGEZEYUSHEJIMUBIAOHEYUESHUYOUGUAN，ZHONGBENCONGZHIXIANGZUOYIGEDIANDUIDIANDEDIANZIXIANJINXITONG，MEIXIANGZHICHIQITAYINGYONG，NEIMETULINGWANBEI、GENGDUODEZHUANGTAIDUITAERYANJIUMEISHENMEYIYI，“XIANJIN”BUSHIZAINIDOULIJIUSHIZAIWODOULI，BENLAIYEBUXUYAONEIMEDUOZHUANGTAI。VSHENXIANGZUODEJIUMEIZHEIMEJIANDANLE，JUSHUOTAGENCHUSHITUANDUIGONGTONGXIANGCHULE“SHIJIEJISUANJI”ZHEIGEGAINIAN，TULINGWANBEIHEZHUANGTAIKUOZHANDUIYUTAERYANJIUSHIBIBEIDE。TAXIWANGYITAIFANGNENGZAIBITEBIZHEIZHONG“QUXINREN”JIZHISHANGFAZHANCHUGENGDUODEYINGYONG，BAOKUOFENBUSHIZIZHIZUZHI（DAO）。SUOYI，BITEBIBAIPISHUMEIZENMETANYINGYONG，YINWEITADEXITONGMUBIAOHENDANYI，SHENZHIMINGQUESHUOYOUXIEDONGXIJIUGAIYIKAOLIANXIACHULI；YITAIFANGDEBAIPISHUSHANGJIUJIANGLEHENDUOYINGYONG，YINWEITAXIWANGGOUZAOYIGE“XINSHIJIE”，ZHEIGEXIANGFAVSHENZAIJIESHOUGUOCAIFANGZHONGYEDUOCIBIAODAGUO。JIUGONGSHILUOJIERYAN，BITEBIZHISHIQUERENQIANMINGHEYIBIJIAOYIZAILISHISHANGCUNZAIQIEMEIYOUBEIQIYONGYUQITAJIAOYI；YITAIFANGJIUFUZALE，TAYAOQUERENYIDUANDAIMALUOJIDEYUNXINGJIEGUO，YEJICHENGLEBITEBIDEGONGSHISILU，JIUSHIRENSHOUYIBENZHANG、RENRENDOUYANZHENG，ZHEIJIUSHIDAIMALUOJIBUNENGTAIGUOFUZA，FOUZEHUIYOUJIEDIANYUNXINGBULE，XIAOLVTAIDIYEHUIYINGXIANGGONGSHIDEDACHENG。BITEBISUIRANXIAOLVDI，DANSHIXITONGYONGTUDANYI，XIGUANLEYEJIURENLE；YITAIFANGJIDAJIACHASHANGLECHIBANG，DANSHIQUESHISHIZAIZAIDIGANJUEDAO“DIXINYINLI”TAIDA，KAIWANXIAODIJIANG，YITAIFANGQISHIBIBITEBI“ZHEMO”REN。VSHENDESHEJIYIRANSHIHUASHIDAIDE，HENYOUTUPOXING，DUIBITEBISHEJIMUBIAODEXIUGAIYEHENMINGQUE，ZHEISHIZUOQUKUAILIANJISHUYANJIUHESHEJIDERENBIXURENZHENXUEXIDE。

三、我所认识的联盟链

WOJUEDELIANMENGLIANSHIDUIGONGLIANDE“FANSI”，SUOYIGAOLEHENDUOYUESHUSHANGDEDIAOZHENG，ERQIEWUHUABAMEN，ZENMEXIANGDEDOUYOU。CONGGAOJIELINIANDEJIAODU，LIANMENGLIANDEDANSHENGSHIJISHANGYESHIDUISHEHUIXIANSHIDEFANYING，DUICI，WOZONGJIELEYIZHANGTU：

SHEHUIHUANJINGYIJINGCONGJUYOUJIAOQIANGYIFUGUANXIDEZHONGXINHUAFUSHEZHUANGSHENGTAIJIEGOUZHUJIANYANJINZHIPINGTAIHUA、DUOZHONGXIN、ZIYOUXIEZUODEWANGZHUANGTIXI，YOUQISHIZAIQIYEDUAN，GENJUKANGWEIDINGLV，SHEJIDUIXIANGDEZUZHIJIEGOUHUIYINGSHEDAOQIXITONGJIEGOU，SUOYI，FUHEDUOZHONGXINWANGZHUANGSHENGTAITEDIANDEXITONGJIAGOUBIRANHUIYINGYUNERSHENG。CHUANTONGDEFENBUSHIXITONGQIDANSHENGMUDEZHUYAOSHIWEILETISHENGXITONGXINGNENG，ERQUKUAILIANXITONGZEGENGDUOKAOLVLERUHEBANGZHUYONGHUPINGDENGCANYUWANGLUO，ZHEIYINGGAISHIERZHEZAISHEJILINIANSHANGDEHEXINCHABIE，YINCI，QUKUAILIANXITONGBICHUANTONGDEFENBUSHIXITONGGENGSHIYUDUOFANGGONGYINGSHENGTAIHUANJINGDEGOUJIAN。ZHEIGESHIKANQILAIYOUDIANER“WUXU”，DANSHIYEYOUQIDAOLIDELIANMENGLIANDEJIAZHI。GONGLIANDEWENTIZAIYU，RUGUOXIANJIEDUANYINGYONG，XIANRANBUFUHEQIYEDUANSHENGTAIDESHIJIQINGKUANG，QIYEDUANDESHENGTAIHUANJINGJIBIANNIYIKAISHIMEISHEJIZHONGXINYEHUIZIRANCHANSHENGZHONGXIN，ZHEISHIRENDESHEHUIXINGJUEDINGDE，SUOYIYEBUYAONEIMEPAICHISUOWEIDE“ZHONGXINHUA”，JINGZIZHONGZHAOCHULAIDEWULUNHAOBUHAOKANDOUSHINIZIJI，HUAZHUANGBUJIEJUEBENZHIWENTI。

LIANMENGLIANJIRANMIANXIANGQIYE，ZIRANHUIBATISHENGXIAOLVFANGDAOYIGEHENGAODEYOUXIANJISHANG，YUSHIYOULEYIXIEJIADINGSHANGDEFANGSONG，BIRU，JIEDIANDOUSHISHOUQUANJIARU，SHIJISHANGZHURULEXINREN；YOULEXINREN，GONGSHIFANGMIANKEYIFANGSONG，DOUHUIDAOLECHUANTONGFENBUSHIXITONGDELUXIANSHANG；ZAIJIYUXINREN，CHUKUAISUDUKEDADAOMIAOJI、HAOMIAOJI，BUDANXINZHONGBENCONGKAOLVDECHUANBOGUOKUAICUNZAIDEANQUANWENTI。FANGSONGJIADINGSHANGZUICHEDIDESHIWEIRUANDECoco，JIANGJIEDIANFANGZAIJIYUYINGJIANDEKEXINZHIXINGHUANJINGZHONG，SUOYI，ZHINENGHEYUEBUYONGMEIGEJIEDIANDOUZHIXING，ZHIZHIXINGYICI，JIEGUODAJIAXINREN，GONGSHIYECAIQUJIANDANDEGENSUIJIZHI，SUOYITAHAINENGCHULIBIEDELIANMENGLIANGAOBUDINGDE“BUQUEDINGXINGJISUAN”。LIANMENGLIANDUIGONGLIANZUOLEHENDUODIAOZHENG，YOUDECHEDIYOUDEBUCHEDI，YOUYUDUOSHULIANMENGLIANCUNZAIJIEDIANSHULIANGSHANGXIAN，SUOYI，JIEDIANZAILIANMENGLIANZHONGTONGCHANGDAIBIAOJIEDIANZIJIERFEIWANGLUOCANYUZHE，YOUDIAN“DAILI”DEYISI，YESUANSHIRANGDUIRENDEXINRENZHUANYIDAOLEDUIJIQIDEXINREN，DANSHIBUTONGYUGONGLIANZHEIZHONGJIEDIANWUSHANGXIAN、JIEDIANZHIJIEDAIBIAOCANYUZHEDEJIEGOU，ZHEIZHONGCHABIESHILIANMENGLIANZAIFANGSONGJIADINGZHIHOUFANERBIGONGLIANSHEJI、BUSHUGENGFUZALE，YOUDIANERXIAO“GANGA”。

四、我所认识的共识

共识是区块链中炒的很热的概念，甚至会让非技术出身的同学觉得“共识”是区块链发明的。我对共识了解不多，只是根据资料总结了一个共识的发展路径或者说学习路径供大家参考：

GONGSHISHIGAOSHENDESHUXUEWENTI，SHANGTUZHONGCHULEPOS、DPOSZHIWAI，QITADINGLI、GONGSHIDOUYOUHUODEGUOTULINGJIANGHUOZHEXIANGDANGYUZHEIGEJIBIEDEZHUANYESHUXUELUNWENZUOZHICHENG，SUOYIGONGSHIBUSHILINGGUANGZHAXIANDEHAOYONGJIUXING，MEIYOUSHUXUEJICHUZUOZHICHIHENNANBAOZHENGQIKEKAOXING。YANGELAISHUOPOS、DPOSCAISHIZHUANMENWEIQUKUAILIANSHEJIDEGONGSHI，DANSHI，QUEDIANSHIMEIYOUZHENMIDESHUXUELUNZHENG，JINGUANYITAIFANGDEDASHENZHONGYOUHENDUOSHUXUEFANGMIANDEGAOSHOU。

CIWAI，GONGSHIZHEIGECIDUIYEWURENYUANHEJISHURENYUANLAIJIANGSHIYOUHENDAQUBIEDE，YEWUSHANGDEGONGSHITONGCHANGZHIGONGTONGZUNSHOUDEYEWUGUIZEHEYIZHIDEJIEGUO，ERDUIJISHURENYUANLAIJIANGQUESHIGEYUKEYIYUYEWUJIHUMEIYOUGUANXIDEHUATI。

五、我所认识的区块链架构

HUIGULEBITEBI、YITAIFANGHELIANMENGLIANZHIHOU，WOZONGJIELEYIGEWOGERENSHIJIAODEQUKUAILIANYIBANJIAGOU：

WORENWEIGUANGYIQUKUAILIANDESHEJIZHUYAOBAOKUOSHUJUCENG、WANGLUOCENG、GONGSHICENG、JILICENG、ZHINENGHEYUECENG，DANSHISHIJISHANG，GONGSHICENG、JILICENG、ZHINENGHEYUECENGDOUSHIKEYIXUANDE，BUSHIBIXUYAOYOU，MEIYICENGZHONGJUTIJIZHIYEKEYILINGHUOBIANHUA。WANGLUOCENGSUIRANBIXUAN，DANSHIQIJIZHIQUESHIKEXUANDE。ZUIBUNENGDONGDESHISHUJUCENG，ZHEIYICENGDEKUAILIANSHISHUJUJIEGOUSHITIEDADE，DANYOURENHUISHUOCodarNI？CodarZIJIZHISHUOSHISHOUQUKUAILIANQIFA，CONGLAIMEISHUOZIJISHIQUKUAILIAN。

RUGUOYONGWOMENCHANGYONGDERUANJIANJIAGOUSHIJIAOLAIKAN，YEKEYIZHEIMEZHUANHUANXIA：

GONGSHIQISHIKEYIFENCHENGYEWUHESHUJUKULIANGBUFEN，QIANZHESHIYEWULUOJIDEGONGSHIYEJIUSHIZHINENGHEYUE，HOUZHESHIJIZHANGQUANGONGSHIYEJIUSHISHUJUXIERUQUAN。KEYIBIJIAOCHUQUKUAILIANXITONGYUYIBANRUANJIANXITONGQISHIZHUYAOCHABIEJIUZAIYUDICENGSHUJUKUDESHIXIANHEYEWULUOJICENGGUANYUDAIBIDESHEJISHANG。ZHEIYESHIWEISHENMEMUQIANJIUSHEJILAIJIANG，CHULESHEJIXUNISHUZIHUOBIDEYINGYONGNANYIYONGCHUANTONGFENBUSHIXITONGTIDAI，ERQITALEIXINGDEQUKUAILIANSHEJIYOUQISHILIANMENGLIANHUANJINGXIADESHEJIJIHUDOUKEYIBEITIDAIDEYUANYIN，TIDAIZHUYAOYEJIUSHIDUISHUJUCENGDETIDAI。

六、我所认识的区块链未来

WEILAIZONGYOUXIEHUANYING，BUSHINEIMERONGYIQUBIANBIEDE，JISHUFAZHANTAIKUAI，WOZHEIZHONG“SANJIAOMAO”DEGONGFUYEBUGANQINGYIJIGESHIXIAN、XIAGEJIELUN，ZHINENGSHUOSHUOFANGXIANGXINGDERENSHI。

GONGLIANJISHUZAIXIAOLVFANGMIANYOUXIEHENFUZADEDONGXI，WOSHUOBUQINGCHU，FENPIAN、L2CENG、ZHUANGTAITONGDAOZHEIXIEHUIJIGONGLIANJINYIBUFUNENGDEJISHUHUOZHESHEJIFANGSHI，YEXUKEYIJIEJUEYIBUFENXIAOLVWENTI，DANSHIZONGTISHANGLAIJIANG，HAIBUNENGDAILAIJUEDINGXINGGAIBIAN。GONGLIANJIEJUE“XINREN”WENTIDEFANGFA，DUOSHAOYOUXIEJIDUAN，SUOYI“XISHENG”LEXIAOLVDEDAFUDUTISHENG。ZAIZHEIGE“PINGJING”GAIBIANZHIQIAN，GONGLIANDEXIAOLVKENENGNANYOUSHIZHIXINGTUPO。

LIANMENGLIANFANGMIAN，QIANBIANTIDAOLEXIAO“GANGA”，JIADINGFANGSONGFANDAOSHEJIMAFANLE，SHIBUSHIGAIHUITOUKANKANGONGLIAN，ZHAODIANERQISHI？MUQIAN，IBMZUICHUDAIQILAIDEKUANGJIAZHIFENGYIJINGGUACHENGLEPINGTAIZHIFENG，PINGTAIGONGNENGYUELAIYUEDUO、YUELAIYUEZHONG，ZAOCHENGLEXUEXI、SHEJI、BUSHU、YUNWEIFANGMIANDEKUNNAN，WEISHENMELIANMENGLIANBUNENGZAIZHURUXINRENZHIHOU，HAINENGJIANGUGONGLIANDEYIBUSHUXINGNI？WOJINQIZAI《XIN“HUITONGTIANXIA”：YONGWENDINGBISHIXIANKUAJINGZHIFUFANGAN》YIWENZHONG，CENGDUIRippleMOSHICHANGSHIJINXINGYIXIEGAIBIAN，RippleSHEJIZHONGDEJIANHUABUSHUHENZHIDEDAJIARENZHENSIKAO，RUGUOYAOZUOPINGTAI，NEIJIUYINGGAIBAMIANXIANGYEWUDEGONGNENGHEMIANXIANGZHANGBENDECUNCHUFENKAIKAOLV，CONGZHEIGEJIAODUJIANG，LIANMENGLIANZHONGDE“LIAN”ZUIZHONGYAODEYINGGAISHIKEXINLIANJIE，ERBUSHISUOWEIDEXITONGDICENG；RUGUOXIANGYAOYIYUTUIGUANG，NEIJIUDEYIYUBUSHU；ERYIYUBUSHUDEQIANTIJIUSHIGONGNENGSHANGYOUSUOSHEQI，BIJINGYOUTAIDUODESHIERBINGBUXUYAOQUKUAILIANQUCHENGDAN，BIRU，ZHINENGHEYUE。ZUIJINVSHENFATUITEBIAOSHILEDUI“ZHINENGHEYUE”ZHEIYIJIAOFADE“YIHAN”，HENDUORENYETUCAOGUOZHINENGHEYUE，NEIJIUJINGLIANMENGLIANSHIFOUZHENDEXUYAOYIGEQIANGDADEZHINENGHEYUE？WOMENWANQUKUAILIANZHENDESHIWEILEZHINENGHEYUE？RUGUOSHUOWOZAIQUKUAILIANSHANGRENSHIBUDAOWEI、“KAIDAOCHE”，NEIJIU“KAIDAOCHE”BA，YEXUXIAYIDAIJISHUZHENDENENGJIEJUEZHEIXIEWENTI，DANGEMINGSHENGLIQIAN，DAJIASHIZHENDEXIANGYONGQUKUAILIANZUOXIENENGGOUYOUJIAODAFANWEI、YOUJIAZHIYINGXIANGDESHEJI，QUZHENGMINGQUKUAILIANDEJIAZHI，HAISHIJIXUZHEIMEBIEBIENIUNIUNI？RUGUOSHIQIANZHE，SHIBUSHIKEYIZHONGXINLIJIEXIAGONGLIAN，LIJIEXIARipple，ZAIKANKANPINGTAISHEJI，YEXUQUKUAILIANBUSHIYONGLAIZUOPINGTAIDE，ERSHIYONGLAIRANGYONGHUXINXI、HEXINXINXIYUPINGTAIFENLIDE，BIRU，YOUKENENGSHIXIABIANZHEIYANGME？

YONGHUZHIJIANTONGGUOQUKUAILIANXIEYIGONGXIANGBIYAODEZHANGBENXINXI，JIYUQUKUAILIANJIZHIJINXINGSHENFENYANZHENG，JIEJUEKEXINLIANJIE，ERFUZAYEWUGONGNENGDOUSHIYOUPINGTAIGONGNENGCENGFUZEDE，BAOKUOLIANJIEHAILIANGCUNCHUBIXUDEIDC。ZHEIZHONGFANGSHIBIANYUZAIGEYONGHUDEBENDIXITONGZHIJIANXINGCHENGKEXINLIANJIE，BINGDIAOYONGQIANGDADEPINGTAIGONGNENG，DANSHIFENLIKAIQUKUAILIANCENGHEGONGNENGCENG。PINGTAIGONGNENGSHIKEXINDE，DUIYULIANMENGLIANERYAN，JIRANZHURULEXINREN，YOUBUQUXINRENBUSHILANGFEIMA？

LIANMENGLIANDEHENDUOSHEJIBENJIUKEYIBEIFENBUSHIXITONGTIDAIDE，RUGUOTANJIAZHIDEHUA，WOJUEDEHAISHICONGGONGLIANJIZHIZHONGBAOCUNDIANDUIDIANDELIANJIEHEJIAOHUZUIZHONGYAO，ZHEIGEBUSHICHUANTONGFENBUSHIXITONGDESHEJIFANGXIANG，RANGMEIGEJIGOUZHENDESHIZIJICANYUERFEI“DAILI”CANYU，RANGQUKUAILIANZHENDECHENGWEIXIEYIERFEIPINGTAI，YEXUZHEIGECAISHILIANMENGLIANDESHEJIFANGXIANG。

说到未来，还剩下虚拟数字货币这部分，我不是个数字货币的投资者，从我这个无“币”者的角度看，虚拟数字货币即便要在西方广泛流行，也必须依靠与法币的合法兑换以及价值相对稳定的兑换，这也就真的具备了将资产数字化的能力，绝大多数人都是投资者而非投机者。数字货币方面最重要的其实还是法定数字货币，只有法定数字货币实现了，区块链的全球价值网络之梦才会成真，而上图的联盟链形态也将获得更大的价值，所以我才认为，联盟链最重要的是能保持公链中的“真”点对点机制和易部署性。

QUKUAILIANZOUGUOLEJIDANGDESHINIAN，SUIRANLEJIEQIJISHUDERENHAIBUDUO，ZAIKAIFAZHEQUNTIZHONG，QUKUAILIANYIRANSHISHAOSHU，TADEMINGQIGENGDUOHAISHIBEIBITEBIDAIQILAIDE，BIJINGBITEBICHUANGZAOLERENLEILISHISHANGZICHANJIAGESHANGSHENGSUDUZHIZUI，DANSHI，SUOYOUYANJIUQUKUAILIAN、REZHONGQUKUAILIANDEREN，TEBIESHIJISHURENYUAN，DOUBUXIWANGTATINGLIUZAIZHEIGECENGMIAN，DAJIADOUZAIJISHUDEXIANSHIZHUYIZHONGXINSHANGZHEYIDUOLANGMANZHIHUA，QIDAIZHETADESHENGKAI。